Science and Abstract

The diagrams below show the crystals of four different rocks viewed through the same hand lens. Which crystals most likely formed from molten material that cooled and solidified most rapidly?

Base your answer to this question on the geologic cross section below. Overturning has not occurred. The dike and sills shown in the cross section are igneous intrusions.

Which rock type is the oldest?

Two streams begin at the same elevation and have equal volumes. Which statement best explains why one stream could be flowing faster than the other stream?

The faster stream contains more dissolved minerals.
The faster stream has a much steeper gradient.
The streams are flowing in different directions.
The faster stream has a temperature of 10°C, and the slower stream has a temperature of 20°C.

The diagram below shows a section of a meander in a stream. The arrows show the direction of stream flow.

The stream bank on the outside of this meander is steeper than the stream bank on the inside of this meander because the water on the outside of this meander is moving

slower, causing deposition
faster, causing deposition
slower, causing erosion
faster, causing erosion

Compared to Earth’s crust, Earth’s core is believed to be

less dense, cooler, and composed of more iron
less dense, hotter, and composed of less iron
more dense, hotter, and composed of more iron
more dense, cooler, and composed of less iron

The cross section below shows sedimentary bedrock layers A, B, C, and D exposed at Earth’s surface.

Which layer appears to be the least resistant to weathering?

A
B
C
D

The four particles shown in the table below are of equal volume and are dropped into a column filled with water.

Which particle would usually settle most rapidly?

A
B
C
D

Which cross section best shows the pattern of sediments deposited by the stream as it enters the ocean?

The apparent rising and setting of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is caused by

Earth’s rotation
Earth’s revolution
the Sun’s rotation
the Sun’s revolution

The diagram below shows wind flowing over a mountain range.

As the wind flows down the leeward side of the mountain range, the air becomes

cooler and drier
cooler and wetter
warmer and drier
warmer and wetter

The cross section below shows the direction of movement of an oceanic plate over a mantle hot spot, resulting in the formation of a chain of volcanoes labeled A, B, C, and D. The geologic age of volcano C is shown.

What are the most likely geologic ages of volcanoes B and D?

B is 5 million years old and D is 12 million years old.
B is 2 million years old and D is 6 million years old.
B is 9 million years old and D is 9 million years old.
B is 10 million years old and D is 4 million years old.

The diagrams below represent Earth’s ocean tides at four different positions of’ the Moon. Which diagram shows the Moon position that will produce the highest high tides and the lowest low tides?

(The diagrams are not drawn to scale).

Compared to the thickness and density of the continental crust of South America, the oceanic crust of the Pacific floor is

thinner and less dense
thinner and more dense
thicker and less dense
thicker and more dense

The map shows the locations of deep-sea core drilling sites numbered 1 through 4.

At which drilling site would the oldest igneous bedrock most likely be found?

1
2
3
4

The table below shows the hardness of four common materials.

Which statement best describes the hardness of the mineral dolomite?

Dolomite can scratch window glass, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail.
Dolomite can scratch window glass, but cannot be scratched by a steelnail
Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail.
Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a steelnail.

Which sample below best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism?

Base your answers to Questions 17 to 19 on the geologic cross section below in which overturning has not occurred. Letters A through H represent rock layers.

Which sequence of events most likely caused the unconformity shown at the bottom of rock layer B?

folding – uplift – erosion – deposition
intrusion – erosion – folding – uplift
erosion – folding – deposition – intrusion
deposition – uplift – erosion – folding

The folding of rock layers C through H was most likely caused by

erosion of overlying sediments
contact metamorphism
the collision of lithospheric plates
the extrusion of igneous rock

Which two letters represent bedrock of the same age?

A and E
B and D
F and G
D and H

The block diagram below represents caves that developed in a region over time.

Which type of weathering was primarily responsible for the development of these caves?

Physical weathering of sandstone
Physical weathering of limestone
Chemical weathering of sandstone
Chemical weathering of limestone

Under identical conditions, which surface will reflect the greatest amount of insolation?

a basaltic sand beach
a pine tree forest
a glacial ice sheet
a blacktop parking lot

Scientists have inferred the structure of Earth’s interior mainly by analyzing

the Moon's interior
the Moon's composition
Earth's surface features
Earth's seismic data

What type of reproduction does not require fertilization?

sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
both A & B
none of the above

Which of the following statements is NOT true of mitosis?

It is the division of a nucleus.
It produces two nuclei that are identical to each other and the original nucleus.
It happens in somatic cells.
It reduces the chromosome number into half.

Which title is an appropriate heading for column X?

Structures Needed for Anaerobic Respiration
Structures Used in Gas Exchange
Excretory Systems
Sensory Receptors

The following organs secrete digestive enzymes except

gall bladder
mouth
small intestine
stomach

Which of the following statements best explains why birds fly south for the winter?

Living things respond to their environment.
Living things maintain internal balance.
Living things are made of cells.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.

A temporary suspension of the menstrual cycle normally occurs during

menstruation
pregnancy
ovulation
menopause

A drastic change in the metabolic rate of a human would most likely result from the

oversecretion of the salivary glands
overproduction of auxins
deterioration of the skeletal system
malfunction of the endocrine glands

Which diagram represents the binary fission?

The spotted touch-me-not, a flowering plant, has seed pods that burst open when touched and forcefully eject their seeds. Such an adaptation is favourable because it

aids in the dispersal of the species.
attracts insects that aid in pollination.
prevents germination within the seed pod.
can cause genetic changes to occur.

Which of the following statements is true about the difference between photosynthesis and respiration?

the raw materials in photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen while the raw materials for respiration are water and carbon dioxide
photosynthesis happens in cells with mitochondria while respiration happens in cells with chlorophyll
the end products of respiration are water and carbon dioxide while that of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
the end products of photosynthesis are water and carbon dioxide while that of respiration are glucose and oxygen

Based on the fact that a watermelon contains many seeds, what can be inferred about a normal flower of a watermelon plant?

It contains many sepals and petals.
It contains very large anthers.
It contains a large number of ovules.
It contains a large number of stamens.

How are fraternal twins developed?

Fraternal twins are developed from two different eggs that have been fertilized by two different sperms.
Fraternal twins are developed from an egg that has been fertilized by a sperm which divides into two in its zygote stage.
Fraternal twins are developed from a single egg that has been fertilized by two different sperms.
Fraternal twins are developed from two different eggs that have been fertilized by a single sperm.

One cat carries heterozygous, brown-fur trait (Aa), and its mate carries homozygous, white-fur trait (aa). What is the probability that the kitten will have a brown fur?

50%
25%
100%
The kitten will never get a brown-fur trait

How do bacteria reproduce?

by fusion
by binary fission
by fertilization of an egg cell and a sperm cell
by mitosis

In the food chain shown below, which of the consumers get the most energy?

grass→worm→chicken→snake

snake
worm
chicken
grass

Which of the following examples shows commensalism?

maya birds feeding on a small amount of rice grains
a frog catches an insect for food
the fungus and algae living intertwined with one another
orchids attached to a tree

Surprisingly, a fish’s caudal (tail) fin, is not used for propulsion. Fins are used primarily for stability and steering. In order to swim, a fish needs to be able to flex its body back and forth very rapidly. To create this motion, a fish’s muscles are arranged in a series of waves or segments called myomeres.

Fish have two kinds of muscle fibers, white and red. White myomeres are used for short bursts of swimming. Groupers and other slow- moving fish have almost all white myomeres. Open-sea fish, such as the tuna and mackerel, are capable of cruising at high speed for long periods of time. The blood in their red muscle fibers is rich in a pigment called myoglobin, which can carry large amounts of oxygen. The oxygen nourishes muscle cells, enabling them to work harder for longer periods of time.

Cellular respiration requires the oxidation of fuel that is in the form of organic molecules. In the fish, which of the following is (are) responsible for carrying large amounts of oxygen?

caudal fins
myomeres
hemoglobin
myoglobin
red muscles

A student used a compound light microscope to obtain data on the concentration of stomates in leaves. The student observed a small area of the lower epidermis of a leaf and counted two stomates in the high-power field of view. The student then observed an area of equal size from the upper epidermis of the same leaf and found no stomates in the high-power field of view. After making these observations, the student should

assume that leaves never have stomates on their upper surface
conclude that the lower epidermis of this leaf has a greater stomate concentration than the upper epidermis
conclude that the lower epidermis of all leaves has a greater stomate concentration than the upper epidermis
make additional observations before drawing conclusions about stomate concentration

On dissecting a fish, a biologist saw that it had large quantities of red muscle fibers. From this observation he can assume that this fish:

lived in a coral reef
would be good to eat
came from shallow waters
was usually slow moving
came from the open sea

The scientific name of an animal is printed in italic type and has two parts. The first word (capitalized) is the name of the genus to which the animal belongs. The second word (lower case) is the name of its species within the genus. Here are the English and scientific names of five birds:

I. American robin, Turdus migratorius

II. European robin, Erithacus rubecula

III. European blackbird, Turdus merula

IV. Military macaw, Ara militaris

V. Red-breasted blackbird, Sturnella militaris

Of the following pairs in the choices above, which belong to the same genus?

I and II only
IV and V only
II and III only
I and III only
III and V only

A scientific study showed that the depth at which algae were found in a lake varied from day to day. On clear days, the algae were found as much as 6 meters below the surface of the water but were only 1 meter below the surface on cloudy days. Which hypothesis best explains these observations?

Light intensity affects the growth of algae.
Wind currents affect the growth of algae.
Nitrogen concentration affects the growth of algae.
Precipitation affects the growth of algae.

Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, a liquid differs from a gas because the particles of the liquid

are in constant straight-line motion
take the shape of the container they occupy
have no regular arrangement
have stronger forces of attraction between them

Compared to the charge and mass of a proton, an electron has…

the same charge and a smaller mass
the same charge and the same mass
an opposite charge and a smaller mass
an opposite charge and the same mass

Which symbols represent atoms that are isotopes?

C-14 and N-14
O-16 and O-18
U-131 and Kr-131
Rn-222 and Ra-222

What is the mass number of an atom which contains 28 protons, 28 electrons, and 34 neutrons?

28
56
62
90

Which element has the highest ionization energy?

sodium
aluminum
calcium
phosphorus

Given the reaction

What amount of oxygen is needed to completely react with 1 mole of CH₄?

2 moles
2 atoms
2 grams
2 molecules

Which combination of atoms can form a polar covalent bond?

H and H
H and Br
N and N
Na and Br

Balance the following redox equation occurring in aqueous solution:

What is the stoichiometric coefficient for oxygen (O₂) when the equation is balanced with smallest whole number coefficients?

2
3
4
5

Which substance cannot be decomposed into simpler substances?

ammonia
aluminum
methane
methanol

What is the usual relationship of theoretical yield and percent yield?

Theoretical yield is greater than percent yield.
Theoretical yield is less than percent yield.
Percent yield if greater than theoretical yield.
Relative values of theoretical yield and percent yield does not have a predictable relationship.

Which of the following statements is/are not true?

I. The limiting reactant limits the velocity of the reaction.

II. The limiting reactant determines the quantity of the product formed.

III. The limiting reactant can further be consumed by adding more of the excess reactant.

I, II
I, III
II, III
None of the above

The phase change represented by the equation is called

sublimation
condensation
melting
evaporation

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the volume if the pressure occupied by a certain gas is doubled?

It will be tripled.
It will be halved.
It will be doubled.
It will remain constant.

Which statement explains why the speed of some chemical reactions is increased when the surface area of the reactant is increased?

This change increases the density of the reactant particles.
This change increases the concentration of the reactant.
This change exposes more reactant particles to a possible collision.
This change alters the electrical conductivity of the reactant particles.

Which solution will change red litmus to blue?

HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq)
CH₃OH (aq)
NaOH(aq)

Which statement represents a conclusion rather than an experimental observation?

The gas is colorless.
The gas is carbon dioxide.
When the gas is bubbled in limewater, the liquid becomes cloudy.
When placed in the gas, a flaming splint stops burning.

Which is the best definition of electronegativity?

Electronegativity is the energy required for a gaseous atom to gain an electron.
Electronegativity is the attraction of an atom for a bonding pair of electrons.
Electronegativity is the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron of an atom.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom.

Which solution is the most concentrated?

1 mole of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution
2 moles of solute dissolved in 3 liters of solution
6 moles of solute dissolved in 4 liters of solution
4 moles of solute dissolved in 8 liters of solution

A substance releases heat when it changes from

liquid to solid
solid to gas
liquid to gas
solid to liquid

Salt A and salt B were dissolved separately in 100 mL beakers of water. The water temperatures were measured and recorded as shown in the table below:

Salt A: initial water temp- 25.1°C
final water temp. 30.2°C
Salt B: initial water temp – 25.1°C
final water temp. 20.0°C

Which statement is a correct interpretation of these data?

The dissolving of only salt A was endothermic.
The dissolving of only salt B was exothermic
The dissolving of both salt A and salt B was endothermic.
The dissolving of salt A was exothermic and the dissolving of salt B was endothermic.

If an object is moving eastward and slowing down, then the direction of its friction force vector is ____________.

northward
westward
eastward
southward

Mass remains ______ throughout the universe.

varies
zero
constant
negative

A book is at rest on top of a table. Which of the following statements is correct?

The book is in equilibrium.
There is no force acting on the book.
Unbalanced forces are acting on the book.
The table exerts a downward force on the book.

According to Newton’s First Law of Motion, __________.

an object in motion will continue to move until all its energy is exhausted.
an object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by a net force.
an object in motion eventually comes to a halt.
an object at rest always remains at rest.

If the forces acting upon a moving object are balanced, then the object

must be accelerating
must be at decelerating
must have zero acceleration
all of the above

An object moves at a constant speed of 6 m/s. This means that the object:

increases its speed by 6 m/s every second
decreases its speed by 6 m/s every second
doesn’t move
has a positive acceleration
moves 6 meters every second

If a moving object cuts its speed in half, how much momentum will it have?

the same amount as before
twice as much as before
one half as much as before
four times as much as before

A rifle recoils from firing a bullet. The speed of the rifle’s recoil is small because ______.

the force against the rifle is relatively small
the speed is mainly concentrated in the bullet
the momentum of the rifle is unchanged
the rifle is more massive than the bullet

A freight train rolls along a track with considerable momentum. If it rolls at the same speed but has twice as much mass, its momentum is ________________.

zero
doubled
reduced to ½ its initial momentum
reduced to ¼ its initial momentum

In order to catch a ball, a baseball player moves his or her hand backward in the direction of the ball’s motion. Doing this reduces the force of impact on the players hand principally because ________.

the resultant velocity of impact is lessened
the momentum change is increased
the momentum change is reduced
the time of impact is increased

What is the work done against gravity in moving a box with a mass of 5 kg through a height of 3 m?

15 J
15 N
150 J
150 N

As a rock falls from a cliff, its total mechanical energy is equal to

its potential energy minus its kinetic energy
its kinetic energy minus its potential energy
the sum of its potential and kinetic energies
the product of its kinetic and potential energies

When a person stands on a scale in an elevator at rest, the scale reads 800 N. When the elevator is allowed to fall freely with acceleration of gravity, the scale reads _____.

1600 N
800 N
400 N
0 N

The following graph represents the position as a function of time for a moving object.

Which of the following is true?

The object increases its velocity
The object decreases its velocity
The object’s velocity stays unchanged
The object stays at rest
More information is required

An observer on the ground would hear a sonic boom which is created by an airplane flying at a speed of _________.

equal to the speed of light
less than the speed of light
equal to the speed of sound
greater than the speed of sound

If the distance between two masses is increased by a factor of 4, the gravitational force of attraction between them will

reduce by a factor of 4
increase by a factor of 4
reduce by a factor of 16
remain the same

A rock is swung on the end of a rope in a horizontal circle at constant speed. The rope breaks. Immediately after the rope breaks, the ball will

fall straight down to the ground
move inward toward the center of the circle
move outward normal to the circle form the point the rope broke
move outward tangent to the circle from the point the rope broke

What happens to the speed and frequency of a light ray when it passes from air into water?

The speed decreases and the frequency increases.
The speed decreases and the frequency remains the same.
The speed increases and the frequency increases.
The speed increases and the frequency remains the same.

The graph represents the relationship between velocity and time for an object moving in a straight line. Use this graph to answer the two questions below.